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DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY
NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER
901 M STREET SE -
WASHINGTON NAVY YARD
WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060
(NOTE: The following represents the views of the author and not necessarily
the views of the Naval Historical Center.)
Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad, 1798 - 1993
by Ellen C. Collier, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and
National Defense Division Washington DC: Congressional Research Service
-- Library of Congress -- October 7, 1993
Summary
This report lists 234 instances in which the United States has used its
armed forces abroad in situations of conflict or potential conflict or for
other than normal peacetime purposes. It brings up to date a 1989 list that
was compiled in part from various older lists and is intended primarily to
provide a rough sketch survey of past U.S. military ventures abroad. A
detailed description and analysis are not undertaken here.
The instances differ greatly in number of forces, purpose, extent of
hostilities, and legal authorization. Five of the instances are declared
wars: the War of 1812, the Mexican War of 1846, the Spanish American War of
1898, World War I declared in 1917, and World War II declared in 1941.
Some of the instances were extended military engagements that might be
considered undeclared wars. These include the Undeclared Naval War with
France from 1798 to 1800; the First Barbary War from 1801 to 1805; the
Second Barbary War of 1815; the Korean War of 1950-53; the Vietnam War from
1964 to 1973; and the Persian Gulf War of 1991. In some cases, such as the
Persian Gulf War against Iraq, Congress authorized the military action
although it did not declare war.
The majority of the instances listed were brief Marine or Navy actions prior
to World War II to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. A number
were actions against pirates or bandits. Some were events, such as the
stationing of Marines at an Embassy or legation, which later were considered
normal peacetime practice. Covert actions, disaster relief, and routine
alliance stationing and training exercises are not included here, nor are
the Civil and Revolutionary Wars and the continual use of U.S. military
units in the exploration, settlement, and pacification of the West.
INSTANCES OF USE OF UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES
ABROAD, 1798-1993 (Note 1)
The following list indicates approximately 234 times that the United States
has utilized military forces abroad in situations of conflict or potential
conflict to protect U.S. citizens or promote U.S. interests. The list does
not include covert actions or numerous instances in which U.S. forces have
been stationed abroad since World War II in occupation forces or for
participation in mutual security organizations, base agreements, or routine
military assistance or training operations. Because of differing judgments
over the actions to be included, other lists may include more or fewer
instances. (Note 2)
The instances vary greatly in size of operation, legal authorization, and
significance. The number of troops involved range from a few sailors or
Marines landed to protect American lives and property to hundreds of
thousands in Vietnam and millions in World War II. Some actions were of
short duration and some lasted a number of years. In some instances a
military officer acted without authorization; some actions were conducted
solely under the President's powers as Chief Executive or Commander in
Chief; other instances were authorized by Congress in some fashion; five
were declared wars. For most of the instances listed, however, the status of
the action under domestic or international law has not been addressed. Thus
inclusion in this list does not connote either legality or significanc e.
(forts. fra del 1:)
.....
1920 -- Guatemala -- April 9 to 27. U.S. forces protected the American
Legation and other American interests, such as the cable station, during a
period of fighting between Unionists and the Government of Guatemala.
1920-22 -- Russia (Siberia) -- February 16, 1920, to November 19, 1922. A
Marine guard was sent to protect the United States radio station and
property on Russian Island, Bay of Vladivostok.
1921 -- Panama -- Costa Rica. American naval squadrons demonstrated in April
on both sides of the Isthmus to prevent war between the two countries over a
boundary dispute.
1922 -- Turkey -- September and October. A landing force was sent ashore
with consent of both Greek and Turkish authorities, to protect American
lives and property when the Turkish Nationalists entered Smyrna.
1922-23 -- China. Between April 1922 and November 1923 marines were landed
five times to protect Americans during periods of unrest.
1924 -- Honduras -- February 28 to March 31, September 10 to 15. U.S. forces
protected American lives and interests during election hostilities.
1924 -- China -- September. Marines were landed to protect Americans and
other foreigners in Shanghai during Chinese factional hostilities.
1925 -- China -- January 15 to August 29. Fighting of Chinese factions
accompanied by riots and demonstrations in Shanghai brought the landing of
American forces to protect lives and property in the International Settlement.
1925 -- Honduras -- April 19 to 21. U.S. forces protected foreigners at La
Ceiba during a political upheaval.
1925 -- Panama -- October 12 to 23. Strikes and rent riots led to the
landing of about 600 American troops to keep order and protect American
interests.
1926 -- China -- August and September. The Nationalist attack on Han brought
the landing of American naval forces to protect American citizens. A small
guard was maintained at the consulate general even after September 16, when
the rest of the forces were withdrawn. Likewise, when Nation forces captured
Kiukiang, naval forces were landed for the protection of foreigners November
4 to 6.
1926-33 -- Nicaragua -- May 7 to June 5, 1926; August 27, 1926, to January
1933. The coup d'etat of General Chamorro aroused revolutionary activities
leading to the landing of American marines to protect the interests of
United States. United States forces came and went intermittently until
January 3, 1933. Their work included activity against the outlaw leader
Sandino in 1928.
1927 -- China -- February. Fighting at Shanghai caused American naval forces
and marines to be increased. In March a naval guard was stationed at
American consulate at Nanking after Nationalist forces captured the city.
American and British destroyers later used shell fire to protect Americans
and other foreigners. Subsequently additional forces of marines and naval
forces were stationed in the vicinity of Shanghai and Tientsin.
1932 -- China. American forces were landed to protect American interests
during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai.
1933 -- Cuba. During a revolution against President Gerardo Machada naval
forces demonstrated but no landing was made.
1934 -- China. Marines landed at Foochow to protect the American Consulate.
1940 -- Newfoundland, Bermuda, St. Lucia, - Bahamas, Jamaica, Antigua,
Trinidad, and British Guiana. Troops were sent to guard air and naval bases
obtained by negotiation with Great Britain. These were sometimes called
lend-lease bases.
1941 -- Greenland. Greenland was taken under protection of the United States
in April.
1941 -- Netherlands (Dutch Guiana). In November the President ordered
American troops to occupy Dutch Guiana, but by agreement with the
Netherlands government in exile, Brazil cooperated to protect aluminum ore
supply from the bauxite mines in Surinam.
1941 -- Iceland. Iceland was taken under the protection of the United States
1941 -- Germany. Sometime in the spring the President ordered the Navy to
patrol ship lanes to Europe. By July U.S. warships were conveying and
September were attacking German submarines. In November, the Neutrality Act
was partially repealed to protect U.S. military aid to Britain.1941-45 --
World War II. On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war with
Japan, on December 11 with Germany and Italy, and on June 5, 1942, with
Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. The United States declared war against Japan
after the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor, and against Germany and Italy
after those nations, under the dictators Hitler and Mussolini, declared war
against the United States.
1945 -- China. In October 50,000 U.S. Marines were sent to North China to
assist Chinese Nationalist authorities in disarming and repatriating the
Japanese in China and in controlling ports, railroads, and airfields. This
was in addition to approximately 60,000 U.S. forces remaining in China at
the end of World War II.
1946 -- Trieste. President Truman ordered the augmentation of U.S. troops
along the zonal occupation line and the reinforcement of air forces in
northern Italy after Yugoslav forces shot down an unarmed U.S. Army
transport plane flying over Venezia Giulia. Earlier U.S. naval units had
been dispatched to the scene.
1948 -- Palestine. A marine consular guard was sent to Jerusalem to protect
the U.S. Consul General.
1948 -- Berlin. After the Soviet Union established a land blockade of the
U.S., British, and French sectors of Berlin on June 24, 1948, the United
States and its allies airlifted supplies to Berlin until after the blockade
was lifted in May 1949.
1948-49 -- China. Marines were dispatched to Nanking to protect the American
Embassy when the city fell to Communist troops, and to Shanghai to aid in
the protection and evacuation of Americans.
1950-53 -- Korean War. The United States responded to North Korean invasion
of South Korea by going to its assistance, pursuant to United Nations
1954-55 -- China. Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military
personnel from the Tachen Islands.
1956 -- Egypt. A Marine battalion evacuated U.S. nationals and other persons
from Alexandria during the Suez crisis.
1958 -- Lebanon. Marines were landed in Lebanon at the invitation of its
government to help protect against threatened insurrection supported from
the outside.
1959-60 -- The Caribbean. 2d Marine Ground Task Force was deployed to
protect U.S. nationals during the Cuban crisis.
1962 -- Cuba. President Kennedy instituted a "quarantine" on the shipment of
offensive missiles to Cuba from the Soviet Union. He also warned Soviet
Union that the launching of any missile from Cuba against nations in the
Western Hemisphere would bring about U.S. nuclear retaliation on the Soviet
Union. A negotiated settlement was achieved in a few days.
1962 -- Thailand. The 3d Marine Expeditionary Unit landed on May 17, 1962 to
support that country during the threat of Communist pressure from outside;
by Jul 30 the 5000 marines had been withdrawn.
1962-75 -- Laos. From October 1962 until 1976, the United States played a
role of military support in Laos.
1964 -- Congo. The United States sent four transport planes to provide
airlift for Congolese troops during a rebellion and to transport Belgian
paratroopers to rescue foreigners.
1964-73 -- Vietnam War. U.S. military advisers had been in South Vietnam a
decade, and their numbers had been increased as the military position the
Saigon government became weaker. After the attacks on U.S. destroyers in the
Tonkin Gulf, President Johnson asked for a resolution expressing U.S.
determination to support freedom and protect peace in Southeast Asia.
Congress responded with the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, expressing support for
"all necessary measures" the President might take to repel armed attacks
against U.S. forces and prevent further aggression. Following this
resolution, and following a Communist attack on a U.S. installation in
central Vietnam, the United States escalated its participation in the war to
a peak of 543 000 in April 1969.
1965 -- Dominican Republic. The United States intervened to protect lives
and property during a Dominican revolt and sent more troops as fears grew
that the revolutionary forces were coming increasingly under Communist control.
1967 -- Congo. The United States sent three military transport aircraft with
crews to provide the Congo central government with logistical support during
a revolt.
1970 -- Cambodia. U.S. troops were ordered into Cambodia to clean out
Communist sanctuaries from which Viet Cong and North Vietnamese attacked U.S
and South Vietnamese forces in Vietnam. The object of this attack, which
lasted from April 30 to June 30, was to ensure the continuing safe
withdrawal of American forces from South Vietnam and to assist the program
of Vietnamization.
1974 -- Evacuation from Cyprus. United States naval forces evacuated U.S.
civilians during hostilities between Turkish and Greek Cypriot forces.
1975 -- Evacuation from Vietnam. On April 3, 1975, President Ford reported
U.S. naval vessels, helicopters, and Marines had been sent to assist in
evacuation of refugees and U.S. nationals from Vietnam. (Note 3)
1975 -- Evacuation from Cambodia. On April 12, 1975, President Ford reported
that he had ordered U.S. military forces to proceed with the planned
evacuation of U.S. citizens from Cambodia.
1975 -- South Vietnam. On April 30 1975, President Ford reported that a
force of 70 evacuation helicopters and 865 Marines had evacuated about 1,400
U.S. citizens and 5,500 third country nationals and South Vietnamese from
landing zones near the U.S. Embassy in Saigon and the Tan Son Nhut Airfield.
1975 -- Mayaguez incident. On May 15, 1975, President Ford reported he had
ordered military forces to retake the SS Mayaguez, a merchant vessel en
route from Hong Kong to Thailand with U.S. citizen crew which was seized
from Cambodian naval patrol boats in international waters and forced to
proceed to a nearby island.
1976 -- Lebanon. On July 22 and 23, 1974, helicopters from five U.S. naval
vessels evacuated approximately 250 Americans and Europeans from Lebanon
during fighting between Lebanese factions after an overland convoy
evacuation had been blocked by hostilities.
1976 -- Korea. Additional forces were sent to Korea after two American
military personnel were killed while in the demilitarized zone between North
and South Korea for the purpose of cutting down a tree.
1978 -- Zaire. From May 19 through June 1978, the United States utilized
military transport aircraft to provide logistical support to Belgian and
French rescue operations in Zaire.
1980 -- Iran. On April 26, 1980, President Carter reported the use of six
U.S. transport planes and eight helicopters in an unsuccessful attempt to
rescue American hostages being held in Iran.
1981 -- El Salvador. After a guerilla offensive against the government of El
Salvador, additional U.S. military advisers were sent to El Salvador,
bringing the total to approximately 55, to assist in training government
forces in counterinsurgency.
1981 --Libya. On August 19, 1981, U.S. planes based on the carrier Nimitz
shot down two Libyan jets over the Gulf of Sidra after one of the Libyan
jets had fired a heat-seeking missile. The United States periodically held
freedom of navigation exercises in the Gulf of Sidra, claimed by Libya as
territorial waters but considered international waters by the United States.
1982 -- Sinai. On March 19, 1982, President Reagan reported the deployment
of military personnel and equipment to participate in the Multinational
Force and Observers in the Sinai. Participation had been authorized by the
Multinational Force and Observers Resolution, Public Law 97-132.
1982 -- Lebanon. On August 21, 1982, President Reagan reported the dispatch
of 80 marines to serve in the multinational force to assist in the
withdrawal of members of the Palestine Liberation force from Beirut. The
Marines left Sept. 20, 1982.
1982 -- Lebanon. On September 29, 1982, President Reagan reported the
deployment of 1200 marines to serve in a temporary multinational force to
facilitate the restoration of Lebanese government sovereignty. On Sept. 29,
1983, Congress passed the Multinational Force in Lebanon Resolution (P.L.
98-119) authorizing the continued participation for eighteen months.
1983 -- Egypt. After a Libyan plane bombed a city in Sudan on March 18,
1983, and Sudan and Egypt appealed for assistance, the United States
dispatched an AWACS electronic surveillance plane to Egypt.
1983-89 -- Honduras. In July 1983 the United States undertook a series of
exercises in Honduras that some believed might lead to conflict with
Nicaragua. On March 25, 1986, unarmed U.S. military helicopters and crewmen
ferried Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border to repel Nicaraguan troops.
1983 -- Chad. On August 8, 1983, President Reagan reported the deployment of
two AWACS electronic surveillance planes and eight F-15 fighter planes and
ground logistical support forces to assist Chad against Libyan and rebel
forces.
1983 -- Grenada. On October 25, 1983, President Reagan reported a landing on
Grenada by Marines and Army airborne troops to protect lives and assist in
the restoration of law and order and at the request of five members of the
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States.
1984 -- Persian Gulf. On June 5, 1984, Saudi Arabian jet fighter planes,
aided by intelligence from a U.S. AWACS electronic surveillance aircraft and
fueled by a U.S. KC-10 tanker, shot down two Iranian fighter planes over an
area of the Persian Gulf proclaimed as a protected zone for shipping.
1985 -- Italy . On October 10, 1985, U.S. Navy pilots intercepted an
Egyptian airliner and forced it to land in Sicily. The airliner was carrying
the hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro who had killed an
American citizen during the hijacking.
1986 --Libya. On March 26, 1986, President Reagan reported to Congress that,
on March 24 and 25, U.S. forces, while engaged in freedom of navigation
exercises around the Gulf of Sidra, had been attacked by Libyan missiles and
the United States had responded with missiles.
1986 -- Libya. On April 16, 1986, President Reagan reported that U.S. air
and naval forces had conducted bombing strikes on terrorist facilities and
military installations in Libya.
1986 -- Bolivia. U.S. Army personnel and aircraft assisted Bolivia in
anti-drug operations.
1987-88 -- Persian Gulf. After the Iran-Iraq War resulted in several
military incidents in the Persian Gulf, the United States increased U.S.
Navy forces operating in the Persian Gulf and adopted a policy of reflagging
and escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through the Gulf. President Reagan
reported that U.S. ships had been fired upon or struck mines or taken other
military action on September 23, October 10, and October 20, 1987 and April
19, July 4, and July 14, 1988. The United States gradually reduced its
forces after a cease-fire between Iran and Iraq on August 20, 1988.
1988 -- Panama. In mid-March and April 1988, during a period of instability
in Panama and as pressure grew for Panamanian military leader General Manuel
Noriega to resign, the United States sent 1,000 troops to Panama, to
"further safeguard the canal, U.S. lives, property and interests in the
area." The forces supplemented 10,000 U.S. military personnel already in
Panama.
1989 -- Libya. On January 4, 1989, two U.S. Navy F-14 aircraft based on USS
John F. Kennedy shot down two Libyan jet fighters over the Mediterranean Sea
about 70 miles north of Libya. The U.S. pilots said the Libyan planes had
demonstrated hostile intentions.
1989 -- Panama. On May 11, 1989, in response to General Noriega's disregard
of the results of the Panamanian election, President Bush ordered a brigade-
sized force of approximately 1,900 troops to augment the estimated 11,000
U.S. forces already in the area.
1989 -- Andean Initiative in War on Drugs. On September 15, 1989, President
Bush announced that military and law enforcement assistance would be sent to
help the Andean nations of Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru combat illicit drug
producers and traffickers. By mid-September there were 50- 100 U.S. military
advisers in Colombia in connection with transport and training in the use of
military equipment, plus seven Special Forces teams of 2-12 persons to train
troops in the three countries.
1989 -- Philippines. On December 2, 1989, President Bush reported that on
December 1 U.S. fighter planes from Clark Air Base in the Philippines had
assisted the Aquino government to repel a coup attempt. In addition, 100
marines were sent from the U.S. Navy base at Subic Bay to protect the U.S.
Embassy in Manila.
1989 -- Panama. On December 21, 1989, President Bush reported that he had
ordered U.S. military forces to Panama to protect the lives of American
citizens and bring General Noriega to justice. By February 13, 1990, all the
invasion forces had been withdrawn.
1990 -- Liberia. On August 6, 1990, President Bush reported that a
reinforced rifle company had been sent to provide additional security to the
U.S. Embassy in Monrovia, and that helicopter teams had evacuated U.S.
citizens from Liberia.
1990 -- Saudi Arabia. On August 9, 1990, President Bush reported that he
had ordered the forward deployment of substantial elements of the U.S. armed
forces into the Persian Gulf region to help defend Saudi Arabia after the
August 2 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. On November 16, 1990, he reported the
continued buildup of the forces to ensure an adequate offensive military
option.
1991 -- Iraq. On January 18, 1991, President Bush reported that he had
directed U.S. armed forces to commence combat operations on January 16
against Iraqi forces and military targets in Iraq and Kuwait, in conjunction
with a coalition of allies and U.N. Security Council resolutions. On January
12 Congress had passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force against
Iraq Resolution (P.L. 102-1). Combat operations were suspended on February
28, 1991.
1991 -- Iraq. On May 17, 1991, President Bush stated in a status report to
Congress that the Iraqi repression of the Kurdish people had necessitated a
limited introduction of U.S. forces into northern Iraq for emergency relief
purposes.
1991 -- Zaire. On September 25-27, 1991, after widespread looting and
rioting broke out in Kinshasa, U.S. Air Force C-141s transported 100 Belgian
troops and equipment into Mnshasa. U.S. planes also carried 300 French
troops into the Central African Republic and hauled back American citizens
and third country nationals from locations outside Zaire.
1992 -- Sierra Leone. On May 3, 1992, U.S. military planes evacuated
Americans from Sierra Leone, where military leaders had overthrown the
government.
1992 -- Kuwait. On August 3, 1992, the United States began a series of
military exercises in Kuwait, following Iraqi refusal to recognize a new
border drawn up by the United Nations and refusal to cooperate with U.N.
inspection teams.
1992 -- Iraq. On September 16, 1992 President Bush stated in a status report
that he had ordered U.S. participation in the enforcement of a prohibition
against Iraqi flights in a specified zone in southern Iraq, and aerial
reconnaissance to monitor Iraqi compliance with the cease-fire resolution.
1992 -- Somalia. On December 10, 1992, President Bush reported that he had
deployed U.S. armed forces to Somalia in response to a humanitarian crisis
and a U.N. Security Council Resolution determining that the situation
constituted a threat to international peace. This operation, called
Operation Restore Hope, was part of a U.S.-led United Nations Unified Task
Force (UNITAF) and came to an end on May 4, 1993. U.S. forces continued to
participate in the successor United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM
II), which the U.N. Security Council authorized to assist Somalia in
political reconciliation and restoration of peace.
1993 -- Iraq. On January 19, 1993, President Bush said in a status report
that on December 27, 1992, U.S. aircraft shot down an Iraqi aircraft in the
prohibited zone; on January 13 aircraft from the United States and coalition
partners had attacked missile bases in southern Iraq; and further military
actions had occured on January 17 and 18. Administration officials said the
United States was deploying a battalion task force to Kuwait to underline
the continuing U.S. commitment to Kuwaiti independence.
1993 -- Iraq. On January 21, 1993, shortly after his inauguration, President
Clinton said the United States would continue the Bush policy on Iraq, and
U.S. aircraft fired at targets in Iraq after pilots sensed Iraqi radar or
anti-aircraft fire directed at them.
1993 -- Bosnia-Hercegovina. On February 28, 1993, the United States bagan an
airdrop of relief supplies aimed at Muslims surrounded by Serbian forces in
Bosnia.
1993 -- Bosnia-Hercegovina. On April 13, 1993, President Clinton reported
U.S. forces were participating in a NATO air action to enforce a U.N. ban on
all unauthorized military flights over Bosnia-Hercegovina.
1993 -- Iraq. In a status report on Iraq of May 24, President Clinton said
that on April 9 and April 18 U.S. warplanes had bombed or fired missiles at
Iraqi anti-aircraft sites which had tracked U.S. aricraft.
1993 -- Somalia. On June 10, 1993, President Clinton reported that in
response to attacks against U.N. forces in Somalia by a factional leader,
the U.S. Quick Reaction Force in the area had participated in military
action to quell the violence. The quick reaction force was part of the U.S.
contribution to a success On July 1, President Clinton reported further air
and ground military operations on June 12 and June 17 aimed at neutralizing
military capabilities that had impeded U.N. efforts to deliver humanitarian
relief and promote national reconstruction, and additional instances
occurred in the following months.
1993 -- Iraq. On June 28, 1993, President Clinton reported that on June 26
U.S. naval forces had launched missiles against the Iraqi Intelligence
Service's headquarters in Baghdad in response to an unsuccessful attempt to
assassinate former President Bush in Kuwait in April 1993.
1993 -- Iraq. In a status report of July 22, 1993, President Clinton said on
June 19 a U.S. aircraft had fired a missile at an Iraqi anti-aircraft site
displaying hostile intent. U.S. planes also bombed an Iraqi missile battery
on August 19, 1993.
1993 -- Macedonia. On July 9, 1993, President Clinton reported the
deployment of 350 U.S. armed forces to Macedonia to participate in the U.N.
Protection Force to help maintain stability in the area of former Yugoslavia.
(Note 1.) This list through 1975 is reprinted with few changes from: U.S.
Congress. House. Committee on International Relations Ænow Foreign AffairsÅ.
Subcommittee on International Security and Scientific Affairs. Background
Information on the Use of U.S. Armed Forces in Foreign Countries, 1975
Revision. Committee print, 94th Congress, Ist session. Prepared by the
Foreign Affairs Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of
Congress. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975. 84 p.
(Note 2.) Other lists include: Goldwater, Senator Barry. War Without
Declaration. A Chronological List of 199 U.S. Military Hostilities Abroad
Without a Declaration of War. 1798-1972. Congressional Record, V. 119, July
20, 1973: S14174-14183; U.S. Department of State. Armed Actions Taken by the
United States Without a Declaration of War, 1789-1967. Research Project
806A. Historical Studies Division. Bureau of Public Affairs; Collins, John
M. America's Small Wars. New York, Brassey's, 1990; For a discussion of the
evolution of lists of military actions and legal authorization for various
actions, see Wormuth, Francis D. and Edwin B. Firmage, To Chain the Dog of
War; the War Power of Congress in History and Law. Dallas, Southern
Methodist University Press, 1986. p. 133-149.
(Note 3.) This and subsequent mentions of Presidential reports refer to
reports the President has submitted to Congress that might be considered
pursuant to the War Powers Resolution (Public Law 91-148, November 7, 1973).
For a discussion of the War Powers Resolution and various types of reports
required under it, see The War Powers Resolution: Eighteen Years of
Experience, CRS Report 92- 133 F; or The War Powers Resolution: Presidential
Compliance, CRS Issue Brief IB81050, updated regularly.
Louis Proyect
(http://www.panix.com/~lnp3/marxism.html)